Initiative
As winter approaches, selecting an appropriate livestock wintering site is an important part of farm planning. The location of winter-feeding areas can affect animal health and welfare, soil quality and nearby water resources. In Alberta, producers should consider both the needs of their livestock and the environmental requirements for managing manure and protecting water bodies when choosing a wintering site.
Animal welfare should be a priority when selecting a wintering location. Sites should provide protection from prevailing winds, adequate drainage and firm footing to reduce mud and standing water. Access to feed and clean drinking water is essential, while shelter either tree stands or shelterbelts or wind fence, can help protect livestock from harsh winter conditions. Avoiding poorly drained areas impacted by freeze thaw cycles can also help reduce stress and the risk of health problems.
Protecting water quality is another important consideration. Winter feeding areas can concentrate manure and nutrients, increasing the risk of runoff reaching nearby wetlands and other water bodies. Whenever possible, select sites away from watercourses and areas prone to flooding or snowmelt runoff. Maintaining appropriate setbacks from water bodies and avoiding direct livestock access to sensitive riparian areas can help reduce nutrient loading and protect aquatic ecosystems. Alberta’s setback requirements should be considered when establishing winter feeding areas, particularly where livestock are contained near riparian areas.
Site selection and management go hand in hand. As there are regulations surrounding set back allowances for these sites, consider slope, soil type, drainage and the direction of prevailing winds when evaluating potential wintering areas. Avoid steep slopes and areas where snowmelt or precipitation could carry manure toward water bodies. Rotating wintering sites, managing feeding locations and spreading out manure accumulation can help reduce soil compaction and nutrient concentrations.
Bale grazing and swath grazing can help extend the grazing season and reduce the need to bring livestock into traditional winter-feeding areas. Bale grazing allows producers to place hay bales in a pasture ahead of winter, providing livestock with access to feed while distributing manure and nutrients across the field. Swath grazing involves cutting and leaving annual forage crops in windrows for livestock to graze later in the fall and winter. Both practices can reduce feed handling and manure hauling costs while making use of existing forage resources. However, careful planning is essential to ensure adequate forage availability, protect soil health and prevent nutrient accumulation.
When using bale or swath grazing, consider water availability, soil conditions, snow cover, field access and the potential for runoff. Feeding locations should be rotated to distribute nutrients and minimize soil damage, particularly during wet or thawing conditions. Avoid placing bales or swaths in areas with poor drainage, steep slopes or close to water bodies. Providing access to suitable shelter and a reliable water source is also important, as these grazing systems do not eliminate the need to consider livestock welfare during winter.
Planning wintering sites in the fall gives producers time to assess their options and make improvements before the ground freezes. Whether using a traditional winter-feeding area, bale grazing or swath grazing, choosing a well-drained location with suitable shelter, convenient access and adequate separation from water bodies can support livestock welfare while reducing environmental risks. A little preparation now can help make winter feeding more manageable, extend the grazing season and protect the land and water resources that support agriculture in Alberta.